Karin Stephenson shares what sparked her interest in nuclear medicine research, why it’s so important to her, and what Canadians need to know about the evolving industry. 

What prompted you to pursue a career in nuclear medicine research? 

I knew from a very early age that my career would involve helping people, thinking I may become a medical doctor. My passion for science was equally strong and charted my path for university, and by my fourth-year thesis project, a spark was lit for research in nuclear medicine and medical isotopes. From there, things really took off — a graduate degree in chemistry and radiopharmaceutical sciences, followed by two post-doctoral fellowships, the first in the radiology department at the University of Pennsylvania and the second at the PET Centre at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Some 20 years later, I’m still incredibly excited about the potential of this research and so proud that it’s now in the clinic treating different cancers. And now, I have the opportunity to support and grow the field in a different way in my role as Chief Scientific Officer for the Canadian Nuclear Isotope Council (CNIC).

How have you seen the nuclear medicine industry evolve over the years? 

Nuclear medicine and the use of medical isotopes is in a period of tremendous growth. Initially used primarily for diagnosing and staging of disease, the last 10 years have seen expanded use of therapeutic medical isotopes to prepare radiotherapies for various cancers, changing the landscape and the market. By 2030, therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals will claim the largest stake in the estimated US$30 billion nuclear medicine market. Medical isotopes like Actinium-225 and Lutetium-177 are driving this change, providing new treatment options for both unmet needs and the potential for new frontline therapies. 

What would you like Canadians to know about nuclear medicine? 

I know first-hand that nuclear medicine changes lives and impacts families every day for Canadians and around the world. Nuclear medicine became very personal for me when my mom was diagnosed with Stage 2 melanoma and had a PET scan wherein they discovered she also had breast cancer — a scan I believe saved her life.  

As Canadians, it’s important to know that we’re playing a critical role in the global supply of medical isotopes. Medical isotopes are the key ingredient in the drugs used to diagnose and treat diseases in nuclear medicine departments around the world. Currently, we’re the largest supplier of two of the most widely used medical isotopes, and we play critical roles in the supply chain of a number of others. Further, we’re experts and world leaders in this field, with some of the most promising technology coming from Canadian research and development.

How is Canada uniquely positioned to play a key role in the global medical isotope industry? 

Canada has the nuclear capital — both talent and infrastructure — that allows us to punch well above our weight. Consider the groundbreaking isotope production systems (IPS) developed for our CANDU power reactors that leverage Canadian technology to produce medical isotopes at a massive scale — Bruce Power’s production of Lutetium-177 and OPG’s collaboration with LEP and BWXT to produce the most widely used diagnostic medical isotope precursor Mo-99 are game-changing. And world-leading research facilities — like McMaster University’s research reactor and TRIUMF’s accelerator — are advancing the research and discovery of new medical isotopes. Accelerators often produce different isotopes from reactors, and the global medical isotope supply is going to need all of them. 

Stability in supply is critical to ensuring patients do not go untreated or have the best treatment option. Combined, the Canadian medical isotope ecosystem is uniquely positioned to provide incredible stability to the global medical isotope supply and markets.

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To meet net-zero goals for 2050, the world urgently needs a paradigm shift in thinking about nuclear energy.

As world leaders seek effective responses to climate change, we are seeing renewed interest in nuclear power — which holds the potential to reduce emissions and help countries achieve their net-zero targets.

In particular, small modular reactors (known as SMRs) are emerging as a potential way of delivering clean and reliable energy.

SMRs are typically smaller than conventional reactors. They offer an innovative way to bring emission-free nuclear energy to both populated and remote areas around the world. SMRs can also support desalination and the production of hydrogen and medical isotopes.

Proponents argue that SMRs can be built relatively quickly and at lower cost while offering flexibility and reliable access to secure energy. But first, this new technology must be determined to be safe, trustworthy, and effective.

The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) oversees and regulates the nuclear industry in our country. Its role is to protect people and the environment.

In a world of continuously emerging technologies, the CNSC keeps pace with innovation and uses rigorous reviews and thorough licensing procedures to ensure that nuclear facilities are safe and secure.

The Government of Canada recognizes the potential of SMRs. In the 2022 federal budget, the government allocated $50.7 million over five years to enable the CNSC to strengthen its ability to oversee and regulate this new technology.

The CNSC has been preparing for new nuclear builds for more than a decade — putting in place the rules, requirements, and guidelines that will ensure the safe introduction of SMRs. To that end, we are continuing to collaborate with our federal, provincial, and territorial counterparts to harmonize and streamline efforts across jurisdictions.

We’re also challenging our own approaches to effective regulation. For example, the CNSC is exploring a model where a successful review for one SMR deployed at one site may inform and expedite our review of identical SMRs from the same manufacturer for other sites in Canada.

International harmonization

Similar thinking about SMRs can and should be applied to international harmonization — not only to support efforts to fight climate change but also to enhance global safety and security.

Many countries are considering the approval and use of SMRs. A more co-operative approach may result in more efficient and effective regulation, with safety as the top priority.

The CNSC is leading the way on this new model of international governance in collaboration with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the UK’s Office for Nuclear Regulation. Together as regulators, we can improve efficiency by aligning our standards and codes — and perhaps even adopting technology reviews from trusted international allies. A modern framework for international harmonization — in the form of governance, standards, collaboration, and technical support — could be highly beneficial.

There is also an important role to be played by the nuclear industry itself. To date, more than 70 different SMR concepts have been proposed. This number must be streamlined to ensure a smooth approval and regulatory process.

Moreover, everyone in the nuclear sector needs to focus on increasing public engagement, education, and trust-building. Strengthening public and community confidence in SMRs — and in the regulatory decision-making that governs them — stands as an imperative. In this regard, the role of the CNSC is to build trust in the regulatory recommendations made by our expert staff.

Nuclear projects will always generate concerns related to waste management, non-proliferation, and other issues. Only through sustained and meaningful engagement with Canadians —including Indigenous peoples and communities — will it be possible to address these concerns fully and transparently.

The CNSC will never compromise its mandate to protect Canadians and our shared environment. By building a modern and effective regulatory framework, by working with our international partners, and — most of all — by putting safety first, we will be ready for SMRs and other innovative solutions that help drive our world toward a net-zero economy.

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Bill Walker, President and CEO of The Organization of Canadian Nuclear Industries (OCNI), discusses how the organization is helping to promote Canada’s nuclear industry and the steps they’re taking to help strengthen the nuclear supply chain.

As the newly appointed President and CEO of OCNI, what are you looking forward to most in this role?

As the former Associate Minister of Energy, I followed nuclear very closely. Also, having worked at Bruce Power, I’ve always been involved in the industry. I believe the impact that nuclear has on our world is highly significant. There’s so much opportunity with our small modular reactors, the isotopes that positively impact health care, and the great jobs nuclear creates in our provinces, across the country, and around the world. Additionally, our supply chain, manufacturers, and businesses truly support this industry that hugely impacts our world. We can’t overcome the challenges we’re having with the environment without nuclear playing a critical role, so I’m excited to be working more closely with this incredible industry.

How is the medical isotope sector revolutionizing health care?

The medical isotope sector is significantly impacting the lives of people every day across the world. Canada, specifically Ontario, is fortunate to have been a world leader in the isotope sector, providing isotopes for individuals globally. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Cobalt-60 allowed us to sterilize medical devices and equipment, which exemplified the use of isotopes.

I’m a huge fan of isotopes because I see the impact that they have on people’s lives. There’s the energy side of nuclear, but there’s also the health care side that impacts lives every day. Isotopes are a subset that can be naturally harvested from nuclear facilities that provide us with clean energy. Isotopes will truly have a game-changing impact, and Canada is already positioned to continue leading the medical isotope sector.

How is OCNI working to strengthen Canada’s leadership in the global nuclear sector?

We work with several organizations domestically and internationally to share the best practices, lessons learned and provide leading examples of how Canada continues to be a leader in the global nuclear industry.

CANDU technology has been worldwide for many years and has proven to have significant benefits to people. We’re the leaders in CANDU technology, and people have trust in what Canada can provide. With that, Canada has built the reputation and leadership to support other countries to form supply chains and globally demonstrate the benefits of nuclear energy that have never been considered. Those who never considered nuclear power are now giving it a second look because of shared global environmental challenges.

Canada has been a world leader in nuclear, and we’ll continue to be a world leader. We’ll take our technology and talent from Canada across the world to make a difference every day, wherever we can.

Why is Canada uniquely positioned to become a global leader in developing and deploying small modular reactor (SMR) technology?

As we just discussed, our track record of being a world leader in CANDU technology immediately comes to mind. People know Canada excels at providing safe, reliable, and cost-effective energy through this technology.

Today, most people are looking at environmental benefits and the added element of health care benefits that we can provide through nuclear. Those same people are looking to us, particularly OCNI and the Canadian nuclear industry, to take on this new opportunity. We have a great track record and integrity, and we can now evolve with small modular reactors, which will have a much different impact in places like small, remote communities. Small modular reactor technology will allow Canada to provide clean, safe, and affordable energy to these communities.

Why does the nuclear industry play a crucial part in helping Canada achieve a net-zero future?

All the information you’re reading out there says that net-zero emissions will only be accomplished by 2050 if we truly embrace nuclear. But, as I mentioned earlier, even people who’ve never been supporters of nuclear — and who may never fully support nuclear — realize that if we genuinely want to tackle climate change and positively impact our environment, nuclear power plays a vital role.

Nuclear energy will continue to provide safe, reliable, affordable, and GHG-free energy. However, we need more. Countries and nations once seen moving away from nuclear are now re-establishing and reviewing whether that’s the best thing to do. Nuclear has to be a part of the solution to achieving a net-zero future if we’re ever going to get close to the 2050 goal Canada has set for itself.

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Canada’s nuclear future includes next-generation advanced small modular reactors from New Brunswick.

On Canada’s path to net zero by 2050, two to three times the current electricity generating capacity will be required. And the reality is that these ambitious targets cannot be achieved with existing clean energy technology.

While the country is exploring many clean energy options, New Brunswick is building on its nuclear expertise by developing fourth-generation advanced small modular reactors (aSMR). This technology will complement its leadership in smart grid and electrification, large-scale energy storage, and hydrogen. All these innovations are necessary to reach net-zero emissions by the year 2050. 

Why New Brunswick?

What’s interesting is that New Brunswick has a particular advantage in making a clean energy transition with advanced small modular reactors (aSMR). The province has aligned all the critical elements to succeed.

New Brunswick has long-standing experience in nuclear. For almost 40 years, the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station has honed its nuclear expertise, including the safe and successful refurbishment of its CANDU reactor completed 10 years ago.

Nuclear in New Brunswick has support. The technology was introduced by the previous Liberal government and is actively supported by the current progressive Conservative leadership. With safe nuclear operations in our backyard since the ’80s, communities have recognized its importance to the workforce and the economy. 

One extremely important element in enabling success was the early inclusion of Indigenous communities. First Nations in the province have publicly acknowledged support for aSMR development in New Brunswick based on active and direct engagement in the project.

It isn’t all talk either. The provincial utility and private industry have made significant financial investments and commitments to growing the technology here at home. NB Power is working with two leading proponents, ARC Clean Energy Canada and Moltex Energy, to establish an advanced SMR industry. With support from our academic and training programs at the University of New Brunswick and the New Brunswick Community College, our future workforce is also on board. 

A New Brunswick aSMR industry wouldn’t be successful without a supply chain to support it. The province hosted an in-person aSMR supply chain event in June 2022. The event attracted more than 270 delegates, including industry, government, and First Nations people representing 150 organizations. The interest in the aSMR supply chain demonstrates a willingness to realize the economic benefits that come with innovation. 

As New Brunswick pursues these next-generation technologies with rigour, the benefit from the associated investment, intellectual property, and job growth will be far-reaching. 

The work being done in New Brunswick will provide clean electricity, high-temperature steam generation, and clean hydrogen for both domestic and export markets. 

New Brunswick is on its way to becoming a world leader in advanced SMR technology.

Is Canada ready to reap the rewards of building this expertise in New Brunswick? 

As Canada moves toward its 2050 net-zero targets, New Brunswick will leverage its capacity in emerging clean energy technologies, including aSMRs, to backup other non-emitting forms of electricity, support the decarbonization of heavy industry, and produce hydrogen to meet energy needs around the globe.

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The new eVinci microreactor is delivering the next generation of nuclear reactor technology for decentralized energy applications.

Nuclear power is gaining momentum worldwide as countries — including Canada, a major player — look to fight climate change and achieve energy sovereignty. Still, until recently, nuclear power plants have been capital-intensive, while also requiring large operations and maintenance staff. Fortunately, a new generation of nuclear reactor technology is changing the game, and Westinghouse Electric Company — a global supplier of safe, innovative nuclear technology — is leading the way in Canada.

Westinghouse is currently developing the eVinci microreactor, a next-generation, very small modular reactor for decentralized remote applications that creates cost-competitive and resilient power with superior reliability and requires minimal maintenance.

An innovative new reactor

“Traditionally, Westinghouse has been focused on larger commercial nuclear system designs, but our engineers saw a need for small reactors for decentralized applications, for example, industrial mines and remote communities across northern Canada,” says Eddie Saab, President of Westinghouse Electric Canada. Westinghouse’s engineers went on a journey to create a competitive, safe, resilient, and low-maintenance power source for consumers in remote locations. The result is the in-development eVinci microreactor.

The eVinci microreactor’s innovative design is a combination of space reactor technologies and over 50 years of commercial nuclear systems design, engineering, and innovation. 

“The driver for its small size was to allow for standard transportation methods and rapid on-site deployment in contrast to large, centralized stations,” says Saab. Contributing to low operations costs, refuelling is only needed every eight years. Further, the decommissioning process at the end of the reactor’s lifecycle will be simple, as the footprint of the eVinci microreactor site is less than half a hockey rink, notes Saab.

Working toward net zero

“The key benefits of the eVinci microreactor are attributed to its compact solid core and advanced heat pipes,” says Saab. The heat pipes enable passive core heat extraction, allowing autonomous operation and inherent load following capabilities. “This makes the eVinci microreactor essentially a nuclear battery with minimal moving parts, which enables a lot of unique applications that we’re very excited about,” adds Saab.

The eVinci microreactor is an emissions-free energy source that can help Canada achieve its goal of being net zero by 2050, in combination with renewables like wind, solar, and hydro. “The eVinci microreactor is truly environmentally friendly,” says Saab. “Its characteristics of delivering combined heat and power — five megawatts of electricity, which is equivalent to about 13 thermal megawatts — without burning fossil fuels and without the need for external water sources will contribute to that 2050 goal. For context, five megawatts is enough electricity to power more than 3,000 homes.”

Employing top Canadian talent 

Westinghouse’s innovative eVinci microreactor has the potential to transform how we utilize nuclear energy and to help us achieve our ambitious climate change goals, and it’s also helping communities to grow. Beyond this, it’s keeping Canadian talent employed and working on next-level tech. Tied to an investment of about $27 million that Westinghouse received from the Government of Canada Strategic Innovation Fund, the company is committed to further job creation and expanded recruitment from local universities. “We’re ramping up on co-ops, working with Canadian talent, and working with local universities,” says Saab. The future is bright.

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McMaster University’s pioneering nuclear research and small modular reactor innovations will help Canada meet its net-zero target.

Canada has a history of innovation in the nuclear space, and McMaster University ranks high among the nation’s key leaders. Located in Hamilton, Ont., and home to a unique suite of world-class nuclear research facilities, McMaster is recognized as the go-to place for nuclear research, training, technology and innovation.

As the country looks toward a low-carbon future, McMaster’s nuclear experts are driving research on small modular reactors – a new class of nuclear reactor with the potential to change the future of clean energy production in Canada and around the world.

Expanding the potential of nuclear reactor technology

Small modular reactors (SMRs) are nuclear fission reactors. Smaller in size and power capacity than traditional nuclear power reactors, their components are pre-manufactured and then installed on-site. SMRs are ideal for installation in remote locations and are more cost- and time-effective than custom-building a nuclear reactor for a particular location.

“The significant benefit of SMRs is that they can be installed more quickly and in more flexible ways – and with lower capital investment and shorter timelines for construction, SMRs will be especially useful in areas where a full-scale grid-sized nuclear reactor isn’t practical,” says Dave Tucker, McMaster University’s Assistant Vice-President, Nuclear.

SMRs are also well-positioned to help Canada achieve its net-zero by 2050 goal and have been recognized as such in the federal government’s SMR Action Plan.

Spearheading innovative research  

Home to the McMaster Nuclear Reactor for six decades, McMaster’s expertise in reactor operations and safety makes the university well-equipped to conduct SMR research.

“We have a long and illustrious reputation in nuclear and our contributions have generated significant research, health and economic benefits for society,” says Tucker, noting discoveries in medicine, clean energy, nuclear safety, materials and environmental science.

The university is currently conducting a feasibility study to explore the potential of establishing an SMR on- or off-campus.

In partnership with Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporation and Global First Power – and in consultation with community, business, and government stakeholders, including Indigenous communities and municipal councils – the study builds on McMaster’s expertise in SMR technology validation, nuclear safety, waste reduction, nuclear security and site monitoring, and integrated urban energy systems.

“It’s our vision to establish a micro-community of the future with an SMR at the heart of a renewable energy grid – using state-of-the-art McMaster technology to capture every drop of usable energy to support livable spaces, food security, water purification, recreation and industry,” says Tucker.

“The SMR will provide an opportunity for communities and industries to see the technology at work and help them make decisions about their own energy future.”

Building a nuclear-friendly future

Teams of researchers, including faculty and students from across all disciplines, are taking a holistic approach to investigate the environmental, economic and social impacts of site selection.

David Novog, engineering physics professor and expert in nuclear safety, is leading McMaster’s Small Modular Advanced Reactor Training Program, designed to train the next generation of leaders in SMR research, safety and deployment.  

Besides showing Canada how it can be done and providing a pattern that can be repeated, McMaster’s potential future SMR could also help power its campus.

“As Canada’s nuclear university, McMaster has an important role to play in helping our province and country achieve net zero. This nuclear technology has the potential to improve access to clean, reliable energy in communities across the country.” 

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Lisa McBride, President of Women in Nuclear (WiN) Canada, discusses how the association promotes career interest in nuclear among women and young Canadians and the significance of nuclear energy. 

Why is it important for women and young people to be involved in the nuclear industry? 

One of our greatest challenges in the industry today is the very lean representation of women in the employee population. Women represent only about 22 per cent of the workforce in the nuclear industry. The fact of the matter is diversity brings improved operational and financial performance, greater innovation, better group performance, and an enhanced reputation for the company. 

With Women in Nuclear (WiN) Canada, we’re committed to highlighting and supporting women in the industry, providing leadership development programs and initiatives, and being the voice for our members with industry leaders. This includes supporting our members in their pursuit of professional development and helping the organizations within our membership achieve gender balance.

How is Women in Nuclear Canada promoting career interest in nuclear among women and young people? 

We’ve launched several programs to not only support the success of women in nuclear but also create a positive impact on the industry in Canada. This includes our leadership development program EmPOWERed Women: Taking the Stage, which was recently offered in March 2022. This program enables women to view leadership through the lens of communication — supporting them in developing the skills needed to be seen as strong, confident leaders. It was an enormous success, with three full cohorts of women participating in our six-week program, and our goal is to launch more cohorts in the very near future. 

WiN Canada also has a formal Mentorship Program with over 140 active participants. Our mentoring program offers members the opportunity to engage across the industry to develop both personally and professionally. Our program welcomes members at all stages of their careers and students preparing to enter the workforce. This program officially ended in June 2022, and another will launch in fall 2022. 

WiN Canada has redesigned its Speakers Clearinghouse, which will be ready for launch in the coming months. This is an outreach initiative that uses the talent and expertise of its members while increasing its outreach through a Speakers’ Clearinghouse. This program allows WiN Canada’s subject matter experts to engage the public and local schools, especially young females, to help them better understand the benefits of the nuclear industry and the careers it provides — so that they can make an informed decision about nuclear technologies. 

We also work with other organizations (including Skills Canada and Skills Ontario) to promote interest. It’s not just STEM — it’s skilled trades as well. There are lots of professional opportunities in the industry.

What do you want the public, especially women, to know about nuclear power? 

As women working in the nuclear industry, we value nuclear energy’s role in a net-zero carbon future. The role of nuclear energy in Canada is critical to our success in reaching our net-zero carbon goals by 2050. The climate change crisis is real, and it’s the single greatest crisis the world faces today. Canada’s nuclear industry makes an important contribution to reducing GHG emissions, and its clean power delivers safe, reliable, and low-cost electricity that’s required by today’s advanced economy. 

There’s no path to a clean energy future without nuclear energy playing a vital role in the energy mix. We owe it to our children and future generations to protect them from the risks associated with climate change. Our energy is clean, and our future is bright. 

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Mediaplanet spoke with Matthew Mairinger, Vice President at NAYGN, to discuss how the non-profit organization inspires today’s nuclear enthusiasts to improve the future of nuclear.

What inspired you to pursue a career in nuclear engineering?

There’s never just one reason, so I’ll name a few:

• I wanted a challenge and a stable career that I’d be proud of.
• I was also amazed at how innovative, safe, clean, and efficient nuclear energy was.
• Finally, I wanted to be part of an industry making a positive difference in combating climate change and reducing energy poverty.

Why is it important to inspire Canada’s youth to be climate activists?

Elected officials implement changes based on what the voters demand. Therefore, we need to educate and inform the young generation about the facts regarding climate change and what exactly we need in terms of policy and infrastructure to reach our net-zero targets. We face a monumental challenge, but as an engineer, I boil it down to a problem statement and then focus on the work the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientists have done to state what needs to change to reach our objective. Pathways to achieving net zero will require at least a doubling or tripling of worldwide nuclear, so we need to start that now.

Have you seen a shift in young Canadians’ perspectives on nuclear in recent years?

I’ve definitely seen young Canadians becoming more accepting of nuclear in recent years. There’s been an overall trend in recognizing that nuclear will play a significant role in reducing our GHG emissions and its role in combating climate change. Young Canadians want actual change and not just greenwashing. 

When Vermont, New York, California, and even Germany said they would replace nuclear with renewables, we saw more gas and coal replacing the retired nuclear, and climate activists became frustrated. However, I also believe that the Russian invasion of Ukraine has shown that nuclear is a stable baseload power that can provide energy independence, rather than relying on foreign energy such as those countries in Europe depending on Russian gas.

Another shift toward young Canadians becoming more pro-nuclear is a growing understanding of the other uses of nuclear such as medical isotopes and hydrogen production, in addition to the exciting innovations coming forward such as fusion, small modular reactors, and reusing spent fuel. 

How is North American Young Generation in Nuclear (NAYGN) energizing our youth by promoting nuclear energy and its role in fighting climate change? 

We’re doing this in a few ways: we’ve created three children’s books — Marie’s Electric Adventure, George’s Energy Adventure, and Passing Gas, so we have our young professionals visit elementary schools and talk with children about climate change, energy, and nuclear power. We also have an annual drawing contest for elementary students and an annual essay contest for high school students, allowing them to do their own research and think independently about nuclear and climate change. 

We put on various webinars and workshops and even utilize social media channels like our @NA_YGN TikTok account to reach a diverse audience and hear from our young professional volunteers. In addition, we recently created a Clean Energy committee and are actively involved in climate change conferences such as the Clean Energy Ministerial and COP, which allow our environmentalists to be right in the heart of the action to influence change with the climate activators and politicians. 

What advice can you provide to leaders in Canada’s nuclear industry looking to offer more opportunities for our young generation of nuclear enthusiasts?

Utilize existing organizations such as NAYGN — we have the content and the network and are here to energize the future nuclear leaders! 

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Emily Whetung shares her story of growing up and serving as Chief of Curve Lake First Nation and the importance of Indigenous perspectives and balance in nuclear. 

What inspired you to become Chief of Curve Lake First Nation — the community you grew up in?

Growing up in Curve Lake First Nation, on the water surrounded by extended family, was idyllic. Our community was close-knit, and we invested time in our children. So when I began a family of my own, I wanted my children to be raised in Curve Lake, surrounded by their extended family, immersed in our Anishinaabe culture, and exposed to our language daily. Spending time with their grandparents every day to learn about the land, our history, and the gratitude of Anishinaabe first-hand can only be found here at home. 

My husband and I built a house, had children, and faced some harsh realities. Without access to potable water, we couldn’t simply let the kids play in the bath — we had to lean over the edge to make sure they didn’t drink the water. Making baby food required carting huge jugs of water and using a dispenser that required constant maintenance and cleaning. It made me think about my children’s future, and I was faced with some hard facts. As idyllic as my childhood was, there are some very serious issues facing families in Curve Lake. I started to think long-term and began worrying about where my children would live as adults and where they would be raising their children. As hard as it was, our family is lucky because the health impacts we suffered were minimal compared to other community members living here with long-term health implications from contaminated water. 

My community had supported me in pursuing higher education — first in my undergraduate studies at Trent University and then in attaining my Juris Doctor at Osgoode Hall Law School. However, there was never an “ask” from my community to give back. On the contrary, I always felt supported in my educational pursuits and was encouraged to be the best I could be. This generosity from my community, and my growing concern for my children’s future, blossomed into a concern for all children in our community and our future generations. Culturally, we talk about always looking at impacts for seven generations, and I suddenly had a tangible idea of what those generations would look like. 

With the skills I learned at law school and the concerns I had for future generations, I realized I could make a difference. I could put those skills to use by running for Chief, and I could make the changes necessary to ensure all future generations in Curve Lake had access to clean drinking water. I would hate to leave a cliff hanger here — my term as Chief is over, and I’m very proud to say that with the Water Class Action, I was able to make a difference to the drinking water situation for potentially 258 First Nations across Canada. 

How has your view on nuclear energy shifted as you’ve learned more about the industry?

Early on in my term as Chief of Curve Lake, a nuclear company was applying for a licence from the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission to start a new process within the traditional territory of Curve Lake. There was a general feeling that nuclear activities in our territory were undesirable. We had the usual stereotypes to go on — Fukushima, Chernobyl, and The Simpsons.

After a decade of being a lawyer, my starting point was to learn as much as I could about the nuclear industry so I could appropriately advocate for my community. As I learned about the nuclear industry, I started to question most of the things I thought I knew about the energy industry as a whole. I began questioning the ideas of “renewable” energy sources too. I became aware of the fact that all energy sources have consequences. This should not have been surprising to me — that’s one of the basic teachings in our culture. Every action has a consequence. The Anishinaabe take an offering out when we harvest to ask for balance in the world when we take what we need to survive. To say thank you for the plants or animals giving their lives so we can thrive. Our foundational belief is balance, never overusing a single resource, and this is what I’ve come to believe about the energy industry. We must find a balance between all energy types that allow the planet to flourish. 

The other issue that has become more apparent is that we need an immediate solution to the climate crisis. Energy grids around the world continue to rely on carbon-emitting sources. It has become apparent to me that the possibility of an energy grid based only on wind and solar isn’t currently viable and has other serious environmental consequences. Anishinaabe teachings focus on balance, and I’ve come to believe we need an energy grid based on a balance of a stable nuclear baseload supplemented by wind and solar technology. 

What advice would you give companies in the nuclear energy space looking to create meaningful relationships with Indigenous communities? 

The best advice I could give anyone hoping to build a relationship with Indigenous Communities is to take the time to learn about the community first. Come and build those relationships now because you want to, because it’s the right thing to do. Don’t come to a community and put your needs first. Take the time to build a relationship. Get to know the community — the needs, goals, and dreams we have, the issues we face, and our plan to overcome those issues. Ask questions and listen to the answers.

Companies often show up, tell us what they need and what we need, impose their own position and perspectives, brush off what’s being said because they’re certain they know what’s best, and then seem confused when it doesn’t work out. Awareness of your bias while walking into a relationship will help you overcome it. Listening is integral to building a meaningful relationship.

Why are Indigenous perspectives so important in the conversation surrounding nuclear?

In the Canadian legal landscape, Indigenous perspectives are required for new processes to take place in our traditional territories. As Canada looks to implement the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), we’re going to see how the clause requiring free, prior, and informed consent will be implemented, and this can only reinforce the legal doctrine of the Duty to Consult and legally required Accommodations on project development. This means Indigenous perspectives being integrated into the conversation surrounding nuclear and the development of new nuclear projects are a legal requirement. We have to find a way to move forward together. 

However, if we step away from legally mandated conversations and turn to the real desire to find new ways for our cultures to live peacefully together, I think there are very practical reasons to include Indigenous perspectives. For example, many Indigenous people have generations of knowledge about the environmental landscape that helps us to understand climate change. We have documented how populations of plants and animals have changed over time. As the people who have tended to the environment in any given region, we have intimate first-hand knowledge about the health and well-being of our environment — what it needs to flourish and grow. We also have vast experience dealing with integrating new species that disrupt the balance of a given ecology. This information can be invaluable in evaluating the environmental impacts and assessing the least environmentally disruptive path forward or rehabilitating a site at the end of its use. 

As you’ve mentioned, nuclear is a clear path out of the carbon-climate crisis, but we must find a better balance to protect the earth. How can we find this balance?

I was asked on a panel to describe my views on nuclear in a single word, and I think it’s the short answer to what you’re asking here. Nuclear is the fastest path to a carbon-free energy portfolio. When we look at energy sources, it’s no longer enough to look at the carbon output of that energy source. We must start looking at the carbon emissions from mining, manufacturing, building, and installation of all energy sources. If our wind turbines are manufactured in a country entirely reliant on carbon-emitting energy sources and shipped to Canada on carbon-emitting vessels, our goal of reducing net carbon emissions will decrease exponentially. This is the lifecycle carbon footprint of the energy. 

We must also think beyond carbon emissions — the total ecological footprint of an energy source. For example, does it make sense to clear-cut forests to install solar and wind fields? What impact do these installations have on various plant and animal species? Nuclear has a smaller lifecycle carbon footprint than wind and solar and is second only to hydroelectric. 

That said, I want to address the elephant in the conversation head-on. Nuclear energy has waste products that last for generations, and this causes great concern for many people. What we don’t have conversations about are the wind and solar waste products that also last for generations. We must start to have real conversations about all waste coming from energy sources. The single word that defines my views on nuclear being a clear path out of the carbon-climate crisis is that it must be temporary. We need to continue to find innovative solutions for our energy needs so we don’t end up in the same place 20 years from now — a climate crisis of something other than carbon. To find a balance, we must continue to innovate. 

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If Canada wants to achieve energy security, create jobs, boost our economy, and reach our ambitious net-zero goals, we must support nuclear.

Nuclear power is playing an increasingly vital role in Canada’s energy security, economy, and net-zero goals. However, the topic of nuclear energy brings up strong opinions and emotions, both for and against its development and widespread use. Concerns abound about nuclear power’s safety, reliability, and cost effectiveness. Given nuclear power’s potential to contribute substantially to Canada’s energy security and to help us reach our net-zero goals, however, it’s time to clear up some facts.

Addressing common misconceptions

Anti-nuclear discourse often centers on myths and fears based on simple misconceptions. A major concern that many Canadians hold is nuclear energy’s safety. And with everything that’s going on in the world today — including Russia’s war on Ukraine and emerging superpowers China and Russia starting to lead new nuclear reactor builds — many are understandably hesitant to embrace nuclear energy.

“The more that people understand the real effects behind nuclear, the more supportive they are,” says John Gorman, President and CEO of the Canadian Nuclear Association, an organization that has been the national voice of the Canadian nuclear industry since 1960. Nuclear is proven, safe technology, and Canada has a long history — seven decades — of innovation in nuclear research and technologies. It’s also the perfect time for nuclear. The war against Ukraine has demonstrated how important it is for countries to have energy security, and nuclear power provides dispatchable, reliable, and economical energy.

However, despite Canada’s longstanding leadership in nuclear research and technology, we’ve been losing market control over the past two decades due to a lack of investment and unfavourable policy environments. Since 2017, 87 per cent of the new reactors that have broken ground use Russian and Chinese designs — and it’s essential that Canada re-establish our leadership in the global civil nuclear power export market, both to secure jobs and revenue and for national security purposes.

“Energy security has been highlighted recently with world developments and in today’s context of our global energy crisis, with sky-rocketing fuel prices, energy security challenges, and our ambitious climate commitments,” says Gorman. “Nuclear is an accessible, affordable, clean, and reliable source of energy for countries looking to transition away from fossil fuels and to secure energy independence.”

Understanding the true benefits

Canadians also have concerns about the high costs and long build times involved with constructing nuclear power plants. Some argue that Canada should be refocusing capital and time on building renewables instead, and that renewables are a superior source of energy because they’re low-maintenance and safe. However, nuclear has advantages over renewables in terms of reliability, greenhouse gas emissions, land use, waste, and its ability to supply baseload energy. “And while the initial cost is high, a nuclear power plant can run for 30 to 60 years, with low operating costs that offset the initial capital investment,” says Gorman.

Further, proponents of nuclear point out that nuclear was never intended to exist in a vacuum. Rather, nuclear should work together with renewables as one of the many tools needed to solve the big problem of climate change.

Working to reach net zero

Despite the misinformation and outdated ideologies creating gaps and inaccuracies in how Canadians perceive nuclear energy, we’re also seeing increasing interest in nuclear as more and more people wake up to the realities of climate change. Climate change is a serious issue, and it makes sense to support nuclear as it’s a powerful low-carbon energy that can help Canada reach our net-zero goals.

Canada’s new federal emissions reduction plan aims to slash greenhouse gas emissions by 40 per cent by 2030 and to reach net zero by 2050. The years are dwindling while our energy demands are growing annually. It’s an equation that simply doesn’t work without nuclear energy. Reaching these targets will require a full decarbonization plan for every industry, and nuclear is well-positioned to facilitate the transformation. For example, one of the challenges of decarbonizing certain sectors is the industries’ need for high-temperature heat, which is typically only achievable through burning fossil fuels. “Nuclear power can produce both high-temperature heat and electricity,” explains Gorman. Given the tight time frame we’re working within, it makes sense to use every tool in our arsenal to solve the pressing climate change problem.

From environmental goals to energy security goals and beyond, the benefits of nuclear are impressive. It’s time we fully embrace and understand this powerful energy source.

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